Module 6: Assessment

"Without assessments that are sensitive to the contributions of each component to overall reading ability, teachers will not be able to target their instruction to the skills and strategies most in need of improvement" (p.27).  

Summative Assessments

Adolescents mostly take quizzes, end-of-chapter tests, district and statewide tests, and standardize measures of reading. These Summative Assessments inform teachers about their classroom-level instruction and provide necessary school, district, and state level data. As Reading Specialists, these assessments do not inform daily instructional decision- making or information on individual student progress.

Formative Assessments

There are three types of formative assessment that content-area teachers can integrate into their instruction. Teacher questioning, teacher observation of students’ reading strategies, and performance assessment.

Teacher questioning is the most common form of formative assessment and teachers should not use these as comprehension checks. Instead, they should ask questions that fall into these three categories:

• Questions that focus on student learning of content

• Questions that focus on the development and use of reading skills and strategies

• Questions that model the kinds of questions students should learn to ask themselves while reading

The first category allows teachers to assess how students are progressing in relation to standards and instructional goals. The second category focuses on assessing the strategies and skills students are using or not using when reading. The last category involves both instruction and assessment. Instead of answering comprehension questions that are found at the end of the chapter or reading story, teachers should ask questions in these three categories to improve student achievement.

A great strategy that can be used to observe the reading strategies students use while reading is “think alouds.” According to the National Institute for Literacy (2007), “When students think aloud as they read, they describe the strategies that they use to make sense of a text” (p.29). This information gives teachers direction on what reading strategies need to be emphasized with each individual student.  “Think alouds” are implemented throughout our district and are used as a form of assessment to direct our instruction for each individual student.

 According to the video, Leading A Balanced Literacy Assessment System: Conducting A Literacy Assessment Review, it is important to set goals and reflect on the outcomes. The speakers highlighted important questions to reflect on which included:

• How much time is spent on literacy assessment?

• What redundancies are included in your system?

• What data is used for curriculum decisions?

• What data is used for individual student decisions?

• How much variety is included in your assessment system?

      Answering these questions will help implement effective and meaningful assessments in an effort to improve student achievement.

References:

National Institute for Literacy. (2007). What Content-Area Teachers Should Know About Adolescent   Literacy. doi:10.1037/e717822007-001

Wisconsin DPI. (2015, January 16). Leading a   balanced literacy assessment system:    Conducting a literacy assessment review. Retrieved April 13, 2016, from                    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v-uruFu6f-kg0

Module 4: Writing

How can we, as discipline specific teachers, be successful in motivating and engaging our students to write?

            Student writing achievement suffers when teachers simply assign writing. If students are to succeed at writing, it needs to be integrated in content areas throughout the day and not just limited to a writing or literacy block. Three instructional routines that teachers can implement throughout the day are: Power writing, Shared and Interactive writing, and writing from sources to inform and explain. Another idea to motivate students is to teach students to annotate texts.  Fisher and Frey (2013) stated that, “Effective writing teachers know that building stamina, discussion, and knowledge are integral for developing stronger writers.”

            Power Writing is a method for building writing fluency through brief, timed writing events (Fisher & Frey, 2013, p. 97). This improves students writing fluency and provides teachers with an assessment of content knowledge and student error patterns. Teachers can implement power writing into the classroom on a daily basis by giving students one minute to write down as much as they can about a content word or phrase. This can be repeated three times and students then reread what they wrote and circle any errors they notice. Students then keep track of how many words they wrote each day and watch the number increase.            

           Shared and Interactive writing both emphasize the importance of oral language development. However, they differ because the students are the ones that are doing the writing in interactive writing. During this strategy, the teacher guides the students to write.

           Students need to be taught to carefully read texts and collect evidence from those texts. Therefore, students should learn annotation skills to help them write from sources to inform and explain. This is especially important for Science and Social Studies content writing.

According to the video, “Writing in the Content Area” Dr. Paul Rodgers suggests that teachers should look out into the world to see what kind of writing is being done and match it to what we ask our students to do. Writing should be implemented to build knowledge.

Scenario

These research based strategies can be implemented in a secondary Biology classroom while teaching a lesson on Genetics.

To begin the lesson, the teacher can implement Power Writing. For example, the teacher can write the content word “Punnett Square” on the board. The students will have one minute to write as much and well as they can about this word. When the minute is up, the students will circle any errors they notice and record the number of words they wrote. This will be repeated for next content word “dominate” and finally the content word “recessive.” After this is completed, the teacher can begin to build content knowledge by holding a class discussion about these three words. Students may then read the text while making annotation marks to help them answer the question the teacher writes on the board. The teacher may tell the students to underline major points and circle key words or phrases. Students may answer the following question: What do you think your genes for your hair color are? Cite evidence from the text. According to Fisher and Frey (2013), “Writing from sources is an important aspect of content area learning. Students must use their writing skills to produce pieces that are informative or explanatory. This is especially important in learning science and social studies.”

References

Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2013). A range of writing across the content areas. The Reading Teacher, 67, 96-101.

Module 2: Comprehension

     "Successful performance in subject areas depends on strong reading skills. A surprising number of middle- and high school students lack academic literacy skills and would benefit from explicit content-area reading instruction. This is true not only for students with reading difficulties but also for those who are competent readers (i.e., those who score well on reading assessments) but still have difficulty comprehending content material. In spite of this need, students generally do not receive this type of instruction in the content areas" (iris.peabody.vanderbuilt.edu, 2016)

     According to the According to the video, “Secondary Reading Instruction: Teaching Vocabulary and Comprehension in the Content Areas” the teachers from Wilton High School believe that it is not their job to teach comprehension skills within their content areas. They also stated that they are not prepared to teach comprehension. However, it is their responsibility to teach it and to understand why they need to teach it in their content areas. Successful performance in subject areas depends on strong reading skills because students are not reading for their enjoyment. Academic reading requires a deeper level of understanding. They need to provide their students with the skills and strategies that are necessary to help them succeed by integrating literacy instruction into their classes.

Effective Vocabulary Instruction

     Vocabulary instruction is not just simply giving students vocabulary words with a glossary or dictionary to define a list of words. That is an ineffective way to teach. Students must understand content specific words to be able to comprehend the material in a given subject area. On page 2, on the Vanderbilt website, it listed four elements that teachers can provide more effective vocabulary instruction by:

-Selecting essential words

-Explicitly defining and contextualizing those words

-Helping students to actively process the information

-Providing multiple exposures to the words

Effective Comprehension Instruction

It is beneficial for educators to teach their students how to monitor their comprehension by modeling and providing guided practice.

On page 8, it stated that teachers can improve students’ comprehension skills by explicitly teaching strategies to help them:

-Activate prior knowledge about a topic or concept

-Monitor comprehension and correct misunderstandings while reading

-Use graphic organizers to relate information from the text

-Answer different kinds of questions about the text

-Generate questions about the material in the text

Strategies:

Graphic Organizers

Graphic organizers are a great way to help students organize information. These organizers are beneficial to teach both vocabulary instruction and enhance reading comprehension. It is important for teachers to model how to complete the organizer and explain the purpose for it.

I specifically liked the example of the Science graphic organizer from the National Teacher's Association:

Frayer Model

     I found the Frayer Model to be a valuable graphic organizer for students to build vocabulary and conceptual knowledge. It allows teachers to incorporate the four elements for effective vocabulary instruction in one organizer. I think that having the “non-examples” section in this graphic organizer is extremely helpful for students because it debunks any assumptions that students may have about the vocabulary word. It visually shows students the definition of the word, characteristics of the word, examples, and non-examples. Like all graphic organizers, teachers need to model how to use it and explain the importance of it. Over time, students may work in groups to complete the organizer and gain a deeper understanding of the terms by discussing how they came up with examples or non-examples.

I specifically liked this math example:
http://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/sec-rdng/cresource/q2/p07/sec_rdng_07_link_frayer_types_02/#content

QAR

As a first grade teacher, this is the first time I have learned about QAR. I have heard about it because teachers in my district frequently use this strategy. However, I never understood exactly what the benefits were. After reading the article, “Using Collaboration, Co-Teaching, and Question Answer Relationships to Enhance Content Area Literacy,” I was amazed. “The QAR strategy can enhance comprehension across a variety of content areas and can encourage the use of a common language for strategy use throughout the school day” (Fenty, McDuffie-Landrum & Fisher, 2012). This strategy teaches students that there are two ways to find the answers to comprehension questions. The answers are either “in the book” or “in my head.” The answers to these questions are further broken down into “right there” or “think and search” for “in the book” answers. “In my head” is further broken down into “author and me” or “on my own.”  I love this idea because not all answers will be found directly in the text and this is a great strategy to get students to think about their own answers. Furthermore, this strategy is helpful to all students including students with learning disabilities.

References

Fenty, N., McDuffie-Landrum, K. and Fisher, G. (2012). Using collaboration, co-teaching, and question answer relationships to enhance content area literacy. Teaching Exceptional Children, 44(6), pp.28-37. 

Iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu, (2016). IRIS | Seconday Reading Instruction (Part 1): Teaching Vocabulary and Comprehension in the Content Areas. [online] Available at: http://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/sec-rdng/cresource/#content [Accessed 15 Feb. 2016].

Literacy Autobiography

Literacy Autobiography

My Earliest Memories

                My earliest memories of my literacy journey began when my parents read to me every night before I went to sleep. I remember sitting on my bed listening to my mom or dad read Goodnight Moon by Margaret Wise Brown and illustrated by Clement Hurd. It was my favorite bed time story and I enjoyed saying “Goodnight” to all of the things in the book. It made me feel like I was also reading along with my parents as I said “Goodnight.” When I reached the age of four, I started to pretend to read Goodnight Moon to my sister along with other books.

                Growing up, I admired my cousin Paul and I wanted to do everything he did. I remember sitting at our grandparents’ kitchen table when I heard Paul read for the first time when he was in the First grade. I was in Kindergarten and I was mesmerized because he was reading by himself. At that moment, I became determined to read on my own because I thought it was amazing.

                I was five years old when my grandparents gave me the book, The Read-It-Yourself Storybook for my birthday. It contained seven short stories and I would bring this book everywhere. When I played school with my sister, I would try and read it to her until she became bored and said she didn’t want to play anymore. Then I would move on and sit in front of my stuffed animals and “read” to them. I understand that I was not truly reading the exact words on the page because when my parents would read one of the stories to me it would not sound the same. I would get frustrated and try to read the exact words to my sister and stuffed animals again. I now know I was only pretend reading, but this began my literacy journey to finally begin reading on my own.

                My earliest memory of actual “reading” was the day I was at my grandparents’ house after school and I told Paul that I could read. He replied that I was too young to read and I had to prove him wrong to be considered his “cool little cousin.” To prove to him that I could read, I took out my favorite book, The Read- It- Yourself Storybook, and opened it to the first story which was “The Monkey and the Bee.” I began to say the words on the page and I remember Paul screaming for my grandparents telling them that I was reading. I continued and finished the first story in the book and felt so proud of myself. When my parents came home from work, I read the story to them as well and they told me how proud they were of me. It was such a great feeling and it made me want to read more new stories.

                When my Kindergarten teacher found out that I could read she made me feel very proud of myself by setting up a read aloud to the First Graders. I sat in the First Grade teacher’s big chair as my cousin Paul and his classmates sat on the floor staring at me. I was very nervous to read in front of the “big kids” but managed to read “Tony and his Friends” to them. This was another positive literacy experience that helped me to enjoy reading and continue on my journey.

Middle School

                My favorite memory was going to Barnes and Noble with my father. I remember getting excited to get a new book by Nancy Drew. She was my favorite author! I would finish reading these books as fast as I could so I could go back to the store with my dad to buy another one.  

It wasn’t until six years later when I was in the sixth grade when I connected to a book. I read the book, A Wrinkle In Time by Madeleine L’ Engle, which made an impact on my literacy journey. This is the first book that I remember reading that I was able to understand. I completed a book report on this book which consisted of a summary and a project. I loved this book and it helped me to realize that I wanted to teach reading. My teacher made reading this book very enjoyable and I realized I wanted to be like her and make reading fun.

High School and College

                Surprisingly, I don’t remember any significant literacy experiences after sixth grade through high school. I remember my High School literacy classes consisting of a lot of reading and writing that I didn’t enjoy or connect to. I had to write a lot of summaries on chapters of books that I do not remember. It was not until college when I became an English major that I connected to literacy and writing again. I truly enjoyed my reading and writing classes and learned a lot.

Currently

                Currently, I still continue to read for enjoyment and for information to help me become a better educator. My favorite author now is JoJo Moyes and my favorite book that I have read by her is Me before You. Reading is extremely important in my life and I want to continue to improve by learning as much information as possible to use it in my teaching career.

                Reading has always been an enjoyable experience and I try to emulate the same experiences in my classroom. I read books to my students the same way my parents read to me. I tell them I am proud of them to give them confidence when they do something positive. I try to be a role model for my students to look up to and I try to instill the love I have for reading in them. Literacy development is an ongoing process. As I read more, my ideas continue to change based on my experiences.

Fantasy Book List

Fantasy Books on Friendship

I chose the theme friendship because I have observed how important it is for students to be accepted by their peers and to be surrounded by their friends. The books that I have chosen were some of my favorite books to read growing up!  

Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson

            One of the main themes in Bridge To Terabithia is friendship. This theme is shown throughout the book between the characters Jess and Leslie. In the beginning of the book, Jess and Leslie’s friendship is foreshadowed when Leslie beats Jess in a race. Jess had dreams of being the fastest runner and when Leslie beat him he was crushed and did not like Leslie. However, this all changes when they end up spending time together because they both are the outcasts in the fifth grade. Jess and Leslie become best friends as they discover a forest by swinging on a rope to cross a creak that they call Terabithia. This is where they escape reality and all of their hopes and dreams come true. Terabithia symbolizes their friendship. One day, Leslie went to Terabithia without Jess and she died while attempting to cross the creak. This was the turning point when Jess realizes what a special friendship they truly had. He realizes what he has lost and gained by having Leslie as a friend. Leslie’s friendship showed Jess that he should believe in himself and that he could accomplish great things. By following this advice that Leslie taught him through their friendship, he built a bridge to Terabithia and realized that he was worth believing in. Jess continues to visit Terabithia, which symbolized that he valued their friendship.

“For the first time in his life he got up every morning with something to look forward to. Leslie was more than his friend. She was his other, more exciting self- his way to Terabithia and all the worlds beyond.” - Jess

“To be able to be Leslie’s one whole friend in the world as she was his- he couldn’t help being satisfied about that.” - Jess

James and the Giant Peach by Roald Dahl

            The author Roald Dahl portrays the theme of friendship in this book through the lonely character James. James was a young boy that was sent to live with his two cruel aunts when his parents died. He craves companionship and wishes that he could go to the seaside and meet children his own age. Dahl makes the reader feel sorry for James until a magical peach grows in his backyard and he crawls inside. James is greeted by giant insects, which become his close friends by the end of the story. Through the use of personificiation, Dahl gives Miss Spider, Centipede, Old- Green- Grasshopper, Ladybug, Earthworm, Silkworm, and the Glow-Worm human characteristics that allowed James to build friendships based on trust and teamwork. These characters shared challenges that they were able to overcome on their journey through their friendships. At the end of the story, Old- Green- Grasshopper and Ladybug find new careers but still went to visit James in his Central Park home. This proves that they valued their friendship even after their journey had ended.

“James decided that he rather like the Centipede. He was obviously a rascal, but what a change it was to hear somebody laughing once in a while. He had never heard Aunt Sponge or Aunt Spiker laughing aloud in all the time he had been with them.”

“And James Henry Trotter, who once, if you remember, had been the saddest and loneliest boy that you could find, now had all the friends and playmates in the world.”

Winnie the Pooh by A. A. Milne

            The complete tales of Winnie- The- Pooh explores the idea of an “ideal” friendship for children. Through imaginary friends, Winnie- The- Pooh portrays friendship as spending time together. In each book, the characters face a problem that they solve together as friends.

“It seems they had always been, and would always be friends. Time could change much, but not that.”

Reading Interest Survey

Reading Interest Survey

            I am currently teaching first grade and work with students that range on many different reading levels. Students in first grade are beginning readers. According to chapter two, “Books for beginning readers should connect to children’s interests, experiences, and reading abilities to support them in their initial reading experiences” (Lynch Brown et al., 2014, p. 17). My district requires us to use the Scholastic Reading Program during guided reading. This gives the students a reading interest survey to fill out before they begin reading in my classroom. It allows me to learn about my students’ interests.

            In the beginning of the school year, I like to quickly survey my class by having students who like to read stand on one side of the room, and students that do not like to read stand on the other side of the room. It is surprising to me that students who do not even know how to read yet already have a predetermined idea that they don’t like to read. This year, I have a lot of students who like to read and only a handful that do not. I noticed that many of the students who do not like to read are boys.

            For this assignment, I chose to work with my student Johnny.* Johnny filled out the survey from blackboard, “My Feelings About Reading.” Based on his answers, he does not like to read, he does not read at home, he doesn’t think that reading is fun, reading is hard for him, he does not like to read long stories, and he thinks that reading is boring. On a positive note, Johnny likes picture books, he likes someone to read to him, and he has enjoyed the books we read in school. I have also gathered additional information from the reading interest survey from Scholastic. Based on this survey, Johnny likes to read about bugs, reptiles, football, famous people, transportation, and volcanoes. I know that Johnny plays football for the recreation center and loves the New York Giants. He gets excited about football and is very interested to learn more about it.

            The books that I have chosen for Johnny are mostly read alouds because he tested on a level A, which means that he is a struggling reader. Johnny also expressed that he likes someone to read to him. Considering that Johnny does not read at home, I have added a book that his parents can read to him before he goes to sleep.  I have also found a book that Johnny will be able to independently read because it is a repetitive and predictable book with familiar words that is on his reading level. Chapter two states, “easy-to-read books and predictable books make use of familiar words, word and sentence patterns, illustration clues, and rhyme to make the text easier to read” (Lynch Brown et al., 2014, p. 17). If Johnny reads books that are on his reading level, he won’t think that reading is too hard for him.

            Here are some books that I recommend for Johnny to read based on the reading interest surveys he has completed:    

Arnold, T. (2008). Hooray for fly guy! New York: Scholastic. 

Barton, B. (2001). My car. New York: Greenwillow Books.

Cronin, D., & Bliss, H. (2003). Diary of a worm. New York: Joanna Cotler Books.

Dahl, M., & Forshay, C. (2004). Goodnight football: Capstone Young Readers.

Manning, P., & Manning, E. (2009). Family huddle. New York: Scholastic Press.

Orloff, K., & Catrow, D. (2004). I wanna iguana. New York: Putnam.

Schreiber, A. (2008). Volcanoes! Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.

Lynch-Brown, C., Short, K., & Tomlinson, C. (2014). Essentials of children's literature. Upper      

     Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. 

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 
Learning about Story and Literature 

The word “literature” best reflects the meaning of chapter 1.

            Chapter 1 is about the value of literature.  Literature teaches what it means to be human. It allows the reader to experience life, and to think in new ways about their own life experiences, understandings, and emotions. Literature allows the reader to relate on a more personal level with the events and characters in the story. Many times, Elementary schools focus on how to “use” children’s books to teach something else and forget the value of literature. Lynch – Brown, Short & Tomlinson (2014) state, “we are often so focused on using literature for other purposes that we lose sight of literature as having value in and of itself for children’s lives as well as serving the purpose of enhancing their academic learning” (p.6).  It is important to remember that both aspects of literature are important.

            As a first grade teacher, I try to find books that I know my students can relate to. For example, on the first day of school I read the book “First Day Jitters” because I know they can all relate to feeling nervous and having to meet new friends and entering a new school. After reading the book, my students realize that they are not the only student in the class that feels that way. It helps them understand their own emotions and experiences through the characters in the story. 

"Quality in writing and illustration"

            Books that are “high-quality” offer readers enjoyment and stay in our memories. These books have the ability to stay interesting and remain meaningful for many years because of the imaginative use of language, images, and the artistic style. These books have valuable insights on what it means to be human and are engaging. On the other hand, books that are focused on the child as a consumer represent books that are low quality because they are used as advertisements. However, I have noticed that these are the books that my students are most interested in. I don’t want my students to read “low quality” books but I do want them to read books that they enjoy! I think these "low quality" books can be a starting point for some students to help them realize that reading is enjoyable and also help them realize what they like to read about. 

Lynch- Brown, Short & Tomlinson (2014) state, “this report also noted that the greatest gains in vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension came from independent reading by children” (p.8). I found this to be interesting because there is not enough independent reading time in school.  We are focused more on reading aloud and teaching students strategies as they read, than allowing the students to independently read. My daily schedule does not include scheduled independent reading time. I assign independent reading as homework, but if I do not model it in school then how can I expect my students to do it for homework? It is also hard to hold students accountable for independent reading. This year, I plan on “sneaking in” independent reading time as part of my morning routine because I want to improve my students’ vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. I also want them to love to read as much as I do!

Lynch-Brown, C., Short, K., & Tomlinson, C. (2014). Essentials of children's literature. Upper   

     Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.